The Treaty of Versailles (ended WW I)

The Treaty of Versailles was a peace treaty, signed on June 28, 1919, to officially end World War I. This treaty required Germany to accept full responsibility for the war. It also forced Germany to pay reparations to various countries that were damaged by the war. Germany was also divided to be controlled by certain ally forces. Germany’s army was limited to 100,000 active troops and no aircraft, tanks, gas, or heavy artillery.The Treaty of Versailles greatly angered the Germans. It deeply hurt Germany economically and socially, after it was already suffering from immense casualties.The treaty only worsened Germany’s state of destruction. A country, already depleted of its money because of the cost of war, was forced to pay for the rebuilding of other nations that suffered from the war. The sum required added up to an un-payable amount of money. This gave Germany no time to rebuild its own economy.

The German people were excluded from the league of nations and was forced to live by other people rules. In 1922 they had to suffer the humiliations of French troops entering the Ruhr to secure payments because they had fell behind they reparations. The treaty led to a lot ecominic problems and a lack of food and jobs. Later on in the mid twenties it led to further ecominic problems.
6,600 million was to be payed as reparations, to the Triple Entente. France, Britain and other countries were given colonies of Germany, land was constantly being taken from them. The Rhineland was to be demilitarised and these are just a few of the terms of the Treaty.The reparations, alone, were depressing the country. The money in Germany had become almost useless and people were becoming poorer and poorer with the taxes. One of the few positive things that can be said about the Treaty of Versailles is the formation of the League of Nations. This league consisted of many of the world nations, who met to solve world issues nonviolently. The purpose of this league was to prevent any further wars between nations.

Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk) and the Modernization of Turkey

He was the first president of Turkey.Mustafa Kemal grew up during the last parts of the Ottoman Empire. By now the Empire had become corrupt and lost many of its Islamic ways. Kemal, was to go on to complete the destruction of the caliphate which was already in decline. Ataturk is regarded by all scholars as a non-Muslim.

The fez was established by Sultan Mahmud II in 1826 as part of the Ottoman Empire's modernization effort.The fez and the veil were forbidden, the Latin alphabet was substituted for the Arabic, and, in 1934, women were enfranchised. The revolution also employed such symbolic measures as replacing the fez with Western-style hats (1925), obliging religious authorities to wear their particular garments only when officiating (1934), and banning the use of such honorific titles as (1934).

Mustafa Kemal secularism didn't mean separation of state and reglion. It meant independence of thought and independence of institutions from the dominance of religious thinking and religious institutions.Thus, the Kemalist revolution was also a secularist revolist Many Kemalist reform were made to bring about secularism, and others were realized because had been achieved.

The major problem In Turkish politics were since the foundation was in struggle between secularism represented by Ataurk followers.Which meant that there would be no state religion and there would be secular control of law and education. In 1924, the Caliphate was destroyed, followed by the abolition of the Shari'a courts together with the adoption of the Swiss civil and Italian penal codes. Secularism really means in Kemalism principles abolition of class distinctions and of political differences between men and women.

Flim Lesson Gandhi

The film began with Gandhi's assassination and funeral on January 30, 1948. He was killed because of the split of Hindus and Muslims into Pakistan and India, instead of trying to keep the country united Gandhi was killed by a one of the visitors. he story then jumps back to Gandhi early in his life, when he is attorney. He is traveling in South Africa on a train and is thrown off because he refuses to give up his first class seat. The conductor wants him to move because he is Indian.
Gandhi helped India by protesting non-violence so India could get their independence from Britain. He was a hero to the Indians. He was arrested a lot of times but we wouldn't give up. A lot of people were killed during this. During one scene, they ask all of Gandhi’s followers to burn all of their clothes that were made in Britain and wear only what they can make themselves. Gandhi practices this for the rest of his life, usually wearing just cloth.Gandhi was in jail and some of his followers are peacefully gathered in a square. The police lock up the square and kill almost everyone over 1,500 people. Gandhi is disgusted and discouraged. He continues to preach non-violence, but the Indians do have occasional conflict with the police. Gandhi’s counter to the popular phrase “an eye for an eye” says that after that, “everyone will be blind.”
Another time, he led a long walk to the sea to protest the British monopoly on salt. The Indians made their own salt out of the sea.Ganhi travels to Europe to deal with India's freedom. After they are freed, there is a civil war between the Hindus and the Muslims. They are forced to move around so they are in separate parts, India and Pakistan, and total chaos breaks out. Gandhi goes on another one of his fasts and refuses to eat until he is convinced all fighting has stopped. This is very difficult, but is accomplished.